Mesopotamia - Babylon by Alan Lenzi

For almost two thousand years, Babylon was one of the most important cities in ancient Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq. If you combine the economic vitality of New York, the political power of Washington, D.C., and the religious significance of Jerusalem today, you’ll get a sense of Babylon’s stature in the biblical world. Compared to Babylon, Israel and Judah were the sticks—interstate stopovers, so to speak, like Effingham, Illinois, or Wendover, Utah.

What do the Babylonians have to do with the Hebrew Bible?

The Hebrew Bible mentions Babylon more than 280 times. To understand this prominence, you need to know something about Babylonian history and culture.

Situated on the Euphrates River, Babylon rose to prominence under King Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. Although Babylon’s political fortunes varied over the centuries, the city remained an important religious center and icon of Mesopotamian culture throughout its long history. Its name became synonymous with the southern region of Mesopotamia (Babylonia).

Although important earlier, it was not until the late seventh century B.C.E., under Nebuchadnezzar II (604–562 B.C.E.), that Babylon became the capital of a vast empire stretching the length of the Fertile Crescent. Within decades, Babylon fell to the Persians under Cyrus (in 539 B.C.E.), but the city continued to flourish. When the Greek king Alexander took Babylon from the Persians in 331 B.C.E., he planned to make it his Asian capital; only his untimely death prevented this. The city lost its luster under Alexander’s successors, the Seleucids, and fell to the Parthians in 141 B.C.E. Its ruins presently lie about 60 miles southwest of modern Baghdad.

Thousands of cuneiform tablets from Babylonia (and Assyria, its northeastern neighbor) preserve ancient texts that illuminate the biblical world. Enuma Elish, the Atrahasis Epic, and the Epic of Gilgamesh offer parallels to the creation accounts and flood stories in Gen 1-11. Ritual tablets describe the Babylonian process of “making” a god from wood and introducing him into his temple (compare Isa 44:9-20). Babylonian prayers recall biblical psalms, depicting familiar religious concepts (such as sin and reconciliation) and practices (for example, prostration and hand raising). Babylonian tablets also provide evidence for ancient scribal techniques of editing, adapting, and copying traditional texts. This sheds light on how biblical scribes would have produced the Bible.

Why did the Babylonians destroy Jerusalem and exile its people?

The Hebrew Bible presents the Babylonian exile as a theological issue: Judah broke the covenant with its god, and exile was their punishment (see Lev 26:27-39; Deut 28:58-68; 2Kgs 17:19-20, 2Kgs 24:1-4). It also depicts the exile as the result of several political miscalculations on the part of Judah’s leadership during its final decades (2Kgs 23-25).

In the late seventh century, the Judean kings found themselves in the middle of a political hornets’ nest. Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, had fallen to the Babylonians and Medes in 612 B.C.E., freeing Judah from Assyrian rule. In 609, the Egyptians rushed to support Assyria in their final stand in Syria. Josiah (640–609 B.C.E.), Judah’s king, was eager to see Assyria’s final demise, so he tried to block the Egyptians’ route at Megiddo; but the Egyptians killed him (2Kgs 23:29-30; 2Chr 35:20-24). Suddenly, Egypt was calling the shots in Judah.

The Egyptians took the kingship from one son of Josiah, Jehoahaz, and gave it to another, Jehoiakim (ruled 609-598 B.C.E.), who became their puppet (2Kgs 23:33-35). But Nebuchadnezzar defeated the Egyptians in 605 B.C.E. at the battle of Carchemish and took control of Syria and Judah. Jehoiakim was Nebuchadnezzar’s puppet now.

The Judean kings were restless under Babylonian rule. In 598 B.C.E. the Babylonians laid siege to Jerusalem to squelch Jehoiakim’s rebellion. He died before the Babylonians succeeded in taking the city. But in 597 B.C.E., his son Jehoiachin and many of Judah’s citizens, including the prophet Ezekiel, were taken into exile for their insurrection (2Kgs 24:12-16). Nebuchadnezzar appointed Zedekiah, another son of Josiah, as king. He, too, rebelled against his Babylonian master; the Babylonian army laid siege to Jerusalem again, and in 586 B.C.E. the Babylonians destroyed the city, leveled its temple, and exiled many of its people to Babylonia (2Kgs 25; Jer 52).

From the Babylonian perspective, the destruction of Jerusalem was necessary to maintain the imperial political order.

Alan Lenzi, "Mesopotamia - Babylon", n.p. [cited 22 Apr 2021]. Online: http://www.bibleodyssey.net/en/places/main-articles/mesopotamia_babylon

Contributors

Alan Lenzi
Associate Professor, University of the Pacific

Alan Lenzi is associate professor of religious and classical studies at University of the Pacific in Stockton, California. He specializes in the study of first-millennium ancient Near Eastern religious traditions, including the Mesopotamian imperial context of the Hebrew Bible. A number of his publications are accessible at the following URL: http://pacific.academia.edu/AlanLenzi.

View of the reconstructed ruins of Babylon, 2005.

Reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate, built in Babylon around 575 B.C.E. by King Nebuchadnezzar II. Pergamon Museum, Berlin.

Babylonian administrative documents (cuneiform tablets) confirm that Jehoiachin, taken into exile by Nebuchadnezzar in 597 B.C.E. (2 Kings 24:10-12), was released from prison and received rations from the palace (2 Kings 25:27-30). Pergamon Museum, Berlin.

Babylon was one of the most important political, religious, and cultural centers of ancient Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq.

Did you know…?

Although the Babylonians believed the name of their city meant “gate of the gods” (Babili), no one knows its orginal meaning. “Babylon” is what the Greeks called the city.
Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E. and exiled its people to punish the city for its rebellions and to protect his imperial interests.
The story of the tower of Babel in Genesis 11 pokes fun at cosmopolitan Babylon and its famous step-tower (ziggurat) dedicated to its chief god, Marduk.
Although some Hebrew prophets spoke of Babylon positively as the instrument of divine judgment (Jer 25; Ezek 21), they also delivered words of judgment of Babylon for its political hubris and treatment of Jerusalem (for example, Isa 13:1-14:23, Isa 21:1-10, Isa 47:1-15; Jer 25:12-14, Jer 50-51).
The Hebrew prophets were not all agreed that Babylon would judge Judah for its sins. Hananiah prophesied that Yahweh would deliver Judah from the Babylonians, disagreeing openly and strongly with Jeremiah (Jer 28).
The depiction of Nebuchadnezzar in Dan 4 is probably a reflection of a later Babylonian king, Nabonidus (555–539 B.C.E.), who absented himself from the capital city for many years.